Interest Rate Modelling

 

If you are looking for a sophisticated text on fixed income financial engineering, James and Webber is a gem. It covers a tremendous amount of material from basic concepts to advanced models and techniques for implementing them. It does so with a practical, almost conversational style that is a pleasure to read.

 

The first part of the book comprises six chapters and introduces the theory of yield curve modeling. Chapter 1 covers basic concepts: marking-to-market, hedge ratios, day bases, and calibrating interest rate models, etc. A brief chapter looks at interest rates and inflation through history. A very practical chapter defines basic instruments: FRA's, swaps, caps and floors, and swaptions. It introduces concepts from stochastic calculus, such as martingales and filtrations. It then compares three simple models for the short rate:

the Vasicek model with time-varying mean;

the CIR (time-varying mean Cox, Ingersoll, Ross), Jamshidian model; and

the CKLS (Chan, Karolyi, Longstaff, Sanders) model.

These motivate a detailed discussion of how to select an interest rate model, taking into account such factors as: fitting market data, model dynamics and tractability. The chapter closes by defining general categories of interest rate models: whole yield curve models, affine models, dynamic mean models, price kernel models and jump models.

Chapter 4 covers the theory of interest rate modeling. Chapter 5 is a practical chapter covering estimation, yield curve stripping and the convexity adjustment. Chapter 6 discusses relevant issues from probability theory, including probability distributions associated with particular interest rate models, kernel methods, boundary behavior, interest rate models when interest rates are at extreme values, and tail distributions.

Part 2 comprises five chapters that focus on particular models. These include:

one and n-factor affine models;

the Heath, Jarrow and Morton (HJM) model;

consol models

price kernel models

positive interest-rate models;

non-linear models;

random field models;

jump models; and

economic models.

Part 3 has three chapters covering valuation methods—finite difference methods, the Monte Carlo method, and lattice methods. The discussion of finite difference methods is excellent, comparing explicit methods, implicit methods and the Crank-Nicholson method. That of the Monte Carlo method describes standard variance reduction techniques, stratified sampling with a Brownian bridge, simple quasi-Monte Carlo techniques, and particular issues raised by the HJM model. The chapter on lattices discusses construction, calibration and non-recombining lattices.

The final part of the book comprises five chapters covering a variety of practical topics, including advanced techniques for yield curve building; using principal component analysis to analyze volatility structures; estimation methods, including the general method of moments, maximum likelihood, the Kalman filter and GARCH models; etc.

I can't recommend this book highly enough. It is a goldmine of information. Discussions are surprisingly deep for such a broad text, and there are extensive references for further reading. It is technical, but not too technical. Stochastic calculus is used sparingly and in a largely intuitive manner.

Contents

Introduction to interest rate modeling

1. Introduction to interest rates

Interest rate behavior

Basic concepts

Interest rate markets

Historical and current data

Uses of interest rate models

2. Interest rates in history

Interest rates in monetary history

Characteristics of interest rate behavior

3. Introduction to interest rate modelling

Yield curve basics

Describing interest rate processes

Introduction to interest rate models

Categories of interest rate model

The role of the short rate

4. Interest rate models: theory

Summary of valuation

A theoretical market framework

Fundamentals of pricing

valuing by change of numeraire

Derivatives in the extended Vasicek model

5. Basic modelling tools

Introduction to valuation

Introduction to estimation

Statistical tests

Yield curve stripping

The convexity adjustment

6. Densities and distributions

The density function

Kernel methods

Boundary behaviour

Interest rate models at extreme values of interest rates

Tail distributions

Interest rate models

7. Affine models

Affine term structure models

Interpreting the state variables

Types of affine model

Examples of one-factor affine models

Examples of n-factor affine models

A general framework for affine models

8. Market models and the Heath, Jarrow and Morton framework

Introduction to the Heath, Jarrow and Morton model

Volatility functions in HJM

Market models

General market models

9. Other interest rate models

Consol models

Price kernel models

Positive interest rate models

Non-linear models

10. General formulations of interest rate models

Jump processes

Random field models

A general model

Jump models

11. Economic models

Economics and interest rates

An economically motivated financial model of interest rates

An IS-LM based model

IS-LM, hyperinflation and extended Vasicek

The general equilibrium framework

Interpreting the price kernel

Valuation methods

12. Finite difference methods

The Feynman-Kac Equation

Discretising the PDE

Simplifying the PDE

Explicit methods

Implicit methods

The Crank-Nicolson method

Comparison of methods

Implicit boundary conditions

Fitting to an initial term structure

Finite difference methods in N dimensions

Operator splitting

A two-dimensional PDE

Solving a PDDE

13. Valuation: the Monte Carlo method

The basic Monte Carlo method

Speed-up methods

Sampling issues

Simulation methods for HJM models

14. Lattice methods

Introduction to lattice methods

Issues in constructing a lattice

Examples of lattice methods

Calibration to market prices

The explicit finite difference method

Lattices and the Monte Carlo method

Non-recombining lattices

Calibration and estimation

15. Modelling the yield curve

Stripping the yield curve

Fitting using parameterized curves

Fitting the yield curve using splines

Nelson and Siegel curves

Comparison of families of curves

Kernel methods of yield curve estimations

LP and regression methods

16. Principal components analysis

Volatility structures

Identifying empirical volatility factors

Calibrating whole yield curve methods

Processes on manifolds

Analysis of dynamical systems

Principal components analysis

Volatility structures

Identifying empirical volatility factors

Calibrating whole yield curve methods

Processes on manifolds

Analysis of dynamical systems

17. Estimation methods: GMM and ML

GMM estimation

Implementation issues

The efficient method of moments (EMM)

Maximum likelihood methods

Hierarchy of procedures

18. Further estimation methods

Filtering approaches to estimation

The extended Kalman Filter

GARCH models

Extensions of GARCH

Interest rate models and GARCH

Artificial neural nets (ANNs)

19. Interest rates and implied pricing

Problems with interest rate models

Key relationships

The interest rate case

The implied pricing method

Regularization functions

Patching tail

For related books, see sections:

Financial Engineering - Fixed Income

Financial Engineering - Numerical Methods

Financial Engineering - Intermediate Theory

Financial Engineering - Advanced Theory

Mathematics - Monte Carlo Method

Mathematics - Stochastic Calculus

Markets - Fixed Income

Markets - Money Market, FX

 

 

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